专业英语.pptxVIP

Chapter Seven Communication Theories 1 Section A Defining Communication Theodore Clevenger: the continuing problem in defining communication for scholarly or scientific purposes stems from the fact that the verb to communication is well established in the common lexicon and therefore is not easily captured for scientific use. Indeed, it is one of the most overworked terms in the English language. 西奥多·克莱文杰:在出于学术或科研目的而对传播进行定义时， 一直以来都存在问题，这主要是由于‘传播’这个动词的意义在 普通词典中都已被确定了，因此，要将它用于科研而对其进行定义 并非易事。它的确是英语里面最过度使用的词之一 lexicon ：n.词典.语典 scholarly：adj.学术性的.学者的 terms：n.条件.表达方式.学期 2 Frank Dance Abstractness Intention Normative judgment ① ② ③ (抽象性) （意图性） （标准化判断） 3 Section A Defining Communication ① For example, the definition of communication as ‘the process that links discontinuous parts of the living world to one another’ is general. On the other hand, communication as ‘a system (as of telephones or telegraphs) for communicating information and orders (as in a naval service),’ is restrictive. ① 例如，有人把传播定义为“将现实中不连接的部分连接起来的 过程” 就是概括性的。另一方面，将传播定义为“通过诸如电话、 电报、无线电和信使等发送军事信息和指令等的方式”, 则是限制 性的。 Restrictive：adj.限制的 discontinuous：adj.间断的 telegraphs：n.电报 4 Section A Defining Communication ② The following is an example of a definition that includes intention: ‘Those situations in which a source transmits a message to a receiver with conscious intent to affect the latter’s behaviors.’ A definition that does not require intent follows: ‘It is a process that make common to two or several what was the monopoly of one or some.’ ② 下面的例子就是一种包含了“意图性”的定义：传播是指“这样 的情况：信源带有一定的意图将信息传送给接收者，意在对后者的 行为施加影响”。 下面的例子则不需要意图：传播是指“这样的过程：把被一个 人或某些人垄断的东西让两个人甚至更多的人分享” 。 intention ：n. 意图，目的 monopoly:垄断；专卖 5 Section A Defining Communication ③For example, presumes that communication is successful: ‘Communication is the verbal interchange of a thought or idea.’ The assumption in this definition