DissolvedMassinGroundwater.pptVIP

16Dissolved Mass in Groundwater Hydrochemistry Introduction Water Chemistry: Origin of water Uses of water Water quality (contamination) Topics: 16.1 Dissolved constituents in groundwater 16.2 Types of water analyses 16.3 Water-quality standards 16.4 Examples of data collected in chemical surveys 16.5 Working with chemical data Case studies : Madinah Basalt aquifer, Taif Alluvium Aquifer 16.1 Dissolved constituents in groundwater Rocks, minerals dissolve in water: ions Cations: positively charged ions (e.g., Ca2+, K+) Anions: negatively charged ions (HCO3-, Cl-) Organic compounds, dissolve, form non-charged molecules 16.1 Dissolved constituents in groundwater Examples of dissolution of minerals, liquids, Halite dissolution: NaCl = Na+ + Cl- Calcite dissolution: CaCO3 + H+ = Ca2+ + HCO3- TCE dissolution: TCE = TCEaq Concentration Scales Molar concentration: Number of moles of a species per liter of solution (mol/L) mole: formula weight of a substance in grams Example: one-liter solution containing 1.42 g of Na2SO4 has a molarity of (Na2SO4) of: 1.42/(2X22.99 + 32.06 + 4 x 16.00) = 0.010 M Molal concentration Number of moles per kilogram of solvent (mol/Kg) Concentration Scales Equivalent charge: number of equivalent charges of an ion per lietr of solution (units: eq/L, meq/L) Equivalent charge = number of moles of an ion multiplied by the absolute value of the charge: Example: 1 M Na+ equals 1 eq/L 1 M Ca2+ equals 2 eq/L Mass per unit mass Mass of a species or element per total mass of the system (ppm, ppb, mg/kg, ug/kg) Mass per unit volume (most common): Mass of a solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution units: mg/L, ?g/L) 1 ppm = 1 mg/kg = 1 mg/L Concentration Scales Conversion between mg/L to molar concentration: molarity = mg/L x 10-3 ___________________________ formula weight Conversion between mg/L to meq/L: Meq/L = mg/L ___________________________ formula weight/ charge Example 16.1: The concentratio