热力学第一定律TheFirstLawofThermodynamics.pptVIP

5.1自发过程的方向性） The Direction of Spontaneous Process 5.2热力学第二定律的表述 Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.3卡诺循环与卡诺定律 Carnot cycle and Carnot Theorem 5.4熵、熵增原理及熵方程 Entropy, The increase principle of Entropy and Entropy Equation 5.5熵的意义及应用 Significance of Entropy and its application 过程的方向性 温差传热 (Heat Transfer under temperature difference) 自由膨胀 (Free Expansion) 摩擦生热 电容－电阻电路 自发过程的方向性  (Direction of Spontaneous Process) 功量 3.热力学第二定律的任务Essence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 能不能找出共同的规律性? 能不能找到一个判据? 1. 克劳修斯表述 不可能将热从低温物体传至高温物体而不引起其它变化。 Transfer heat from high temperature reservoir to low temperature ones is a spontaneous process. However it is irreversible. (从高温物体向低温物体的传热是一个自发过程,但是不可逆) Transfer heat from low temperature reservoir to high temperature ones is possible. However it will leave influence on environment. (从低温物体向高温物体的传热过程是可以实现的,但会给环境造成一定影响) 空调,制冷 (Air-Conditioning, Refrigerating) 2. 开尔文－普朗克表述 不可能从单一热源取热，并使之完全转变为有用功而不产生其它变化。 开尔文－普朗克表述 No heat engine can achieve a 100 percent thermal efficiency. (热机的效率不可能达到100%) For a heat engine, the working fluid must exchange heat with the environment. (对于热机来说,工质必然和环境交换热量) Heat reservoirs Thermal Energy Source 第二类永动机perpetual-motion machine of the second kind 第二类永动机：设想的从单一热源取热并 使之完全变为功的热机。 Perpetual –motion machine of the second kind Suppose we can construct a heat pump which transfers heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature one without using external work. Then, we can couple it with a heat engine in such a way that the heat removed by the heat pump from the low temperature reservoir is the same as the heat rejected by the heat engine, so that the combined system is now a heat engine which converts heat to work without any external effect. This is thus in violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. Now suppose we have a heat engine which can convert heat into wo