1.细菌形态课稿.ppt

各种“视野”下的细菌 ◆Rod shape is called Bacillus. (杆状） ◆?Two bacilli together - Diplobacilli ◆Chains of bacilli are called Streptobacilli 链状 ◆?Palisades - Rods side byside or in X, V or Y figures 杆菌(bacillus)及其排列状态—2 * 定义：细菌是一类细胞细而短（细胞直径约0.5um，长度约0.5~5um）、结构简单、细胞壁坚韧、以二等分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核微生物。 生存环境：温暖潮湿、富含有机物的地方，都有大量细菌活动。有特殊的臭味或酸败味，发粘、发滑。 应用：工业上生产各种氨基酸、核苷酸、酶制剂、乙醇、丙酮、丁醇、有机酸、抗生素等；农业上用作杀虫菌剂、细菌肥料的生产和在沼气发酵、饲料青贮等方面的应用；医药上如各种菌苗、类毒素、代血浆和许多医用酶类的生产等；以及细菌在环保和国防上的应用等，都是利用有益细菌活动的例子。 危害：人、动物、植物的传染病、食物和工农业产品腐烂变质。 由于菌种不同，细菌的大小存在很大的差异；对于同一个菌种，细胞的大小也常随着菌龄变化。另外，对于同一个菌种染色前后其细胞大小都有所不同。所以，有关细菌大小的记载，常是平均值或代表性数值。 ★ Bacterial cell shapes The most common bacterial shapes are RODS, COCCI, and SPIRAL. However, within each of these groups are hundreds of unique variations. Rods may be long, short, thick, thin, have rounded or pointed ends, thicker at one end than the other etc. Cocci may be large, small, or oval shaped to various degrees. Spiral shaped bacteria may be fat, thin, loose spirals or very tight spirals. The GROUP ASSOCIATIONS of microbes, both in liquid on solid medium, are also defining. Bacteria may exists mainly as single cells or as common grouping such as chains, uneven clusters, pairs, tetrads, octads and other packets. They may exist as masses embedded within a capsule. There are square bacteria, star-shaped bacteria, stalked bacteria, budding bacteria that grow in net-like arrangements and many other morphologies. When observing bacteria one should describe as many of these characteristics as possible. Consider how you would describe a BLIND DATE to a friend. 数量：杆菌最为常见，球菌其次，螺旋菌较少。 ◆Bacterial shape The Figure below shows four of the common and characteristic shapes of bacteria: cocci (spherical), rods, vibrio (comma shaped) and spiral. Cocci. The organism shown (top left) is Micrococcus luteus, which forms tetrads due to regular alternation of the plane of cell division. Micrococcus species are commonly associated with the skin. Staphylococcus species also are common o