泛读背景翻译11.docxVIP

Background InformationHoward Gardner (1943-)Born in 1943, Howard Gardner is the son of the refugees of Nazi Germany. He is Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, Adjunct Professor of Neurology at the Boston University, and Chairman of the Steering Committee of Harvard Project Zero. His famous theory of multiple intelligences has great influences on education and human development. The theory is depicted in Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1985).出生在1943年的霍华德加德纳德国纳粹时期的难民的孩子。他是哈佛大学心理学的副教授，波士顿大学神经学的副教授，哈佛零方案指导委员会的主席。他最有名的多元智能理论大大影响了教育和人类的发展。这个理论在《智能的结构：关于多元智能的理论》中被描述。Multiple IntelligencesThe theory is a pluralized way of understanding the intellect. Recent advances in cognitive science, developmental psychology and neuroscience suggest that each persons level of intelligence, as it has been traditionally considered, is actually made up of autonomous faculties that can work individually or in concert with other faculties. Howard Gardner originally identified seven such faculties, which he labeled as intelligences: musical, spatial, linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. Recently, he added an eighth intelligence to the list: the naturalist intelligence. Theres also been some consideration of a ninth intelligence: existential intelligence. The theory has great influences in the worlds of education, cognitive sciences and developmental psychology.When we measure a person’s intelligence, we often note his or her ability to solve problems, utilize logic, and think critically. These typical traits of intelligence are sometimes lumped together under the label of raw intelligence. A persons intelligence, traditionally speaking, is contained in his or her general intellect—in other words, how each and every one of us comprehend, examine, and respond to outside stimuli, whether it be to solve a math problem correctly or to anticipate an opponents next move in a game of tennis. Our