氢原子的量子力学理论综述.ppt

Quantum Mechanics and Probability Clouds Rutherford Model of the Atom Based on his alpha-particle scattering experiment on gold, Rutherford concluded that the atom consisted of a hard central core where most of the mass of the atom rested. Hydrogen was the earliest atom, formed whenquarks and an electron came together shortlyafter the Big Bang. Other heavier atoms were formed by smashinghydrogen atoms together; this took place in theearly stars. There are 88 naturally occuring basic types ofatoms--called elements. Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O),and nitrogen (N) are the four most abundantelements in living things. Nuclear Structure Facts about the nucleus:Protons and neutrons have roughly thesame mass, and each is about 2000times as massive as the electron. The number of protons is the sameas the number of electrons (not shown)which orbit the nucleus. For any given element, all nucleii have the same number of protons,but the number of neutrons willvary. One fermi (fm) = one billionth of a meter / million ?Relative Size of Nuclei Molecules, Atoms, and Nuclei Structure of Sub-Atomic Particles Nuclei, Nucleon, and Quarks Line Spectra Atomic Spectra Atoms in heated gases emit and absorb light of certain wavelengths.Shown at the above are three emission spectra and one absorption spectrum. Neils Bohr Explains the Hydrogen Atom Neils Bohr, a Danish physicist, treated thehydrogen atom as if it were an electron ofcharge -e orbiting in a circular path abouta proton of charge +e. Energy Levels in Hydrogen Energy Transitions in Atoms Energy of photon = Energy lost by electron Louis deBroglie: Hydrogen Electrons Behave Like Waves ?An integral?multiple?of?wavelengths must fit?in the length 2pr,?otherwise destructive? interference would ?occur. deBroglie Wave DeBroglie Waves in Bohrs Model 氢原子的量子力学理论 1926年，Erwin Schrodinger给出了一个微观粒子在势场U(r,t)低速时波函数满足的方程，称为薛定谔方程 玻恩给出了波函数的概率解释 波函数的平方表征了t 时刻，空间(x,y,z)处粒子出现的概率密度