Maxwell’s Equation’s in integral form麦斯威尔方程的积分形式.pptVIP

Maxwell’s Equations The two Gauss’s laws are symmetrical, apart from the absence of the term for magnetic monopoles in Gauss’s law for magnetism Faraday’s law and the Ampere-Maxwell law are symmetrical in that the line integrals of E and B around a closed path are related to the rate of change of the respective fluxes Gauss’s law (electrical): The total electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge inside that surface divided by eo This relates an electric field to the charge distribution that creates it Gauss’s law (magnetism): The total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero This says the number of field lines that enter a closed volume must equal the number that leave that volume This implies the magnetic field lines cannot begin or end at any point Isolated magnetic monopoles have not been observed in nature Faraday’s law of Induction: This describes the creation of an electric field by a changing magnetic flux The law states that the emf, which is the line integral of the electric field around any closed path, equals the rate of change of the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path One consequence is the current induced in a conducting loop placed in a time-varying B The Ampere-Maxwell law is a generalization of Ampere’s law It describes the creation of a magnetic field by an electric field and electric currents The line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path is the given sum Maxwell’s Equation’s in integral form Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law for Magnetism Faraday’s Law Ampere’s Law Maxwell’s Equation’s in free space (no charge or current) Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law for Magnetism Faraday’s Law Ampere’s Law Hertz’s Experiment An induction coil is connected to a transmitter The transmitter consists of two spherical electrodes separated by a narrow gap The discharge between the electrodes exhibits an oscillatory behavior at a very high frequency Sparks were induced across the gap of the receiving electrodes wh