PowerPoint Presentation P113 Gravitation Lecture 3PowerPoint演示 P113多读3引力.pptVIP

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PowerPoint Presentation P113 Gravitation Lecture 3PowerPoint演示 P113多读3引力.ppt

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PowerPoint Presentation P113 Gravitation Lecture 3PowerPoint演示 P113多读3引力

2006: Assoc. Prof. R. J. Reeves P113 Gravitation: Lecture 3 Escape speed from orbit Planets and satellites: Keplers Laws Orbital energy Escape from Earth’s Gravity We know from everyday experience by throwing stones that they go higher up if we throw them with faster velocity. Can we derive an equation that will give the height as a function of velocity? A mass m starts at the surface of the earth with vertical velocity v. It reaches an altitude h where it turns around and falls down. Conservation of energy gives: Exercise: Complete the algebra to derive the following equation for h. Escape from Earth’s Gravity - 2 Solving for h gives Escape from Earth’s Gravity - 3 The negative altitude reached when the velocity was 100,000 m/s indicates the mass becomes unbound from the earth’s gravitational field. The escape velocity from the earth’s surface is given by Escape from Earth’s Gravity - 4 Escape from earth requires 11.2 km/s = 40,000 km/hr! How do rockets manage this incredible speed? 11.2 km/s is the required speed at the earth’s surface without any additional thrust being applied. We could escape from earth at 40 km/hr providing we applied thrust greater than our weight all the way to the moon! Rockets achieve a balance: They start out less than 11.2 km/s but continue to apply thrust. The necessary escape speed decreases as the altitude increases. Eventually the rocket is travelling faster than the escape speed for its present altitude. The rocket motors can be turned off and then it’s glide to the moon! Kepler’s Laws applied to the Planets - 1 THE LAW OF ORBITS: All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. The orbit is characterised by its semimajor axis a and its eccentricity e. Rp is the perihelion distance. Ra is the aphelion distance. Kepler’s Laws applied to the Planets - 2 2. THE LAW OF AREAS: A line that connects the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in then plane of the planets orbit in equal time intervals.