PROBABILITIES IN THE LANDSCAPE University of Cambridge景观中的概率剑桥大学.pptVIP

MEASURES OF THE MULTIVERSE Alex Vilenkin STRING THEORY PREDICTS MULTIPLE VACUA WITH DIFFERENT CONSTANTS OF NATURE Bousso Polchinski (2000) Susskind (2003) Douglas (2003) PLAN Structure of the multiverse General requirements for the measure Proposals and problems The noodle measure CONCLUSIONS * Tufts Institute of Cosmology Cambridge, Dec. 2007 “THE LANDSCAPE” Eternal inflation the entire landscape will be explored. THE MEASURE PROBLEM: What is the probability for a randomly picked observer (“reference object”) to be in a given type of vacuum? Still there is a problem with infinities Assume we have a model for calculating the numbers of reference objects. NOTE: A measure is needed even for predicting the CMB multipoles. i+ Bubbles nucleate and expand at nearly the speed of light. Terminal recyclable bubbles Eternal geodesics Inflating spacetimes are past-incomplete. Bubbles (pocket universes) Spacetime structure ? ? ? i+ What is at the past boundary? Quantum nucleation from nothing Chaotic initial conditions Not relevant for the measure (almost). i+ The number of bubbles is infinite, even in a finite comoving volume. The number of ref. objects in each bubble is infinite. Need a cutoff. Bubbles (pocket universes) The measure problem i+ t = const Use a hypersurface t = const as a cutoff. BUT: depends on what we use as t. Linde, Linde Mezhlumian (1994) Garcia-Bellido, Linde Linde (1994) The limit at does not depend on the initial state. (Most of the reference objects are near cutoff.) Global time measures i+ Requirements for the measure Measure axioms: Independence of initial conditions. Independence of time parametrization. Bubble abundance Weight factor (characterizes the number of reference