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The Case of Myriad GeneticsVs无数的基因的情况下与. an array of National
The Case of Myriad Genetics (Vs. an array of National Government Funded European Union Research Institutes) Amir Zaher UC Berkeley, Senior Department of Mechanical Engineering IEOR 190G Patents in Engineering Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology (In addition to addressing Patents in Technology, this presentation will also briefly discus Ethics in Patented Technology.) Introduction to Myriad and its patents BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 are two genes linked to susceptibility for breast and ovarian cancer. The risk of falling ill increases if these genes show certain mutations. Myriad Genetics, in collaboration with the University of Utah, were the first to sequence the BRCA-1 gene, and applied for patent protection in 1994. In the mid-90’s, Myriad obtained nine US patents on the two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, and received right over a number of mutations in the genes. The Patent also applied to the use of diagnostics tools designed specifically to isolate mutations indicating a predisposition for breast/ovarian cancer. In Europe, they were granted three patents covering: -cancer-related mutations -different methods of testing for those mutations -the gene itself. Years Later… The European Patent Office revoked the Patenting of the two genes in 2004. Opposition was filed by, to name a few among others: Switzerland’s Social Democratic Party; Greenpeace Germany; the French Institut Curie; Assistance Publique-H?pitaux de Paris; the Belgian Society of Human Genetics; the Netherlands, represented by the Ministry of Health; and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Social Security The BRCA-2 patent was already filed for by the charity Cancer Research UK in the EU The BRCA-1 patent was deemed to lack novelty, inventive steps towards industrial application, and failed to disclose the “invention” sufficiently for a person skilled in the art to carry out the procedure (based on the European Patent Convention’s patentability criteria) Furthermore, errors in the origi
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