The First Philosophers of Ancient Greece IT Services古希腊的第一个哲学家资讯科技服务.pptVIP

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The First Philosophers of Ancient Greece IT Services古希腊的第一个哲学家资讯科技服务.ppt

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The First Philosophers of Ancient Greece IT Services古希腊的第一个哲学家资讯科技服务

The First Philosophers of Ancient Greece Prof. Rose Cherubin Department of Philosophy George Mason University /courses/phil/ancient/index.htm Thales of Miletus (late 7th to mid-6th century BCE)Miletus is in Ionia, in western Asia Minor. Why is what is the way it is? → What is what is? “Water stands under everything as a source.” (paraphrase of Thales in Diogenes Laertius) advances in geometry and astronomy Anaximander of Miletus (very late 7th - late 6th century BCE) The apeiron as the source of all things apeiron means unlimited, indeterminate, or infinite geometry→gnomon as seasonal sundial→map of the world→model of the cosmos→cosmological theory “discovery of space” questions of order and direction Anaximenes of Miletus (early 6th – late 6th BCE) aer (misty air) constant change and renewal the “how” of things: felting Pythagoras of Samos (c.570 – c.500) and the early Pythagoreans of Croton and Tarentum(Samos is an island off the coast of Ionia.) all things are fundamentally number, or numbers and things have a common source some connection between this idea and moral, political, and religious principles used to organize Pythagorean communities Xenophanes of Colophon (c.570 – c.478)Colophon is in Ionia, not far from Miletus. Under what conditions could knowledge be possible? What would it take to make the universe work? (The Greek gods don’t have what it takes...) Heracleitus of Ephesus (c.540 – c.480)Ephesus is also in Ionia, not far from Miletus and Colophon. Stability and change: are they both real? How if at all can we account for both? Proposal: the Logos (account, word, speech, reason) is a principle that would explain the universe in a way that takes into account regularities, unity, opposition, and change. (It is not clear that we can completely grasp the Logos.) The Eleatics: Parmenides, Zeno, Melissus These three philosophers are often grouped together. Their work shares many common elements, but there are also important differences. Zeno is reporte