The Physical Universe, 10e Konrad B物理宇宙10E康拉德B. Krauskopf, Prof..pptVIP

Chapter 2 Motion Chapter 2 Outline: Main Ideas How scientists describe motion Defining “FAST”: speed Using VECTORS Acceleration Distance, time, acceleration Constant Acceleration: Gravity Newton’s Laws Defining inertia Universal Gravitation An example: circular motion Newton’s Law of Gravity What is motion? We say an object moves if the object changes it’s position That is…if the object is at one point in space at one instant in time, and a different point in space at another instant in time. Everything in the universe is in constant motion. Describing the motion We know that “motion” means a change in position The next step is describe the change SPEED is the term used to describe HOW FAST the location of any object is changing Speed is the RATE OF CHANGE OF POSITION SPEED The AVERAGE speed is defined: speed = distance traveled ? time spent v = d / t UNITS of speed: (length / time) The SI unit of speed is m/s Speedometer reads Instantaneous Speed The term RATE is scientific term that generally refers to a change in any quantity proportional to time Important Note In a car, the speedometer reads INSTANTANEOUS SPEED NOT average speed INSTANTANEOUS SPEED is a measure of HOW fast at a particular instant in time Common Units for speed Any distance unit divided by any time unit is a valid unit for speed IN THE SI SYSTEM: meters per second (m/s) Other valid units: feet per second (f/s) miles per hour (mph or mi/h) kilometers per hour (km/h Number sense 10 m/s is about 22 miles per hour 20 m/s is about 45 miles per hour 30 m/s is about 67 miles per hour 40 m/s is about 90 miles per hour Relationships The equation for speed can be used to find out HOW FAR With knowledge of how fast, and how long SCALAR VS. VECTOR SCALAR QUANTITY A QUANTITY IN WHICH ONLY MAGNITUDE IS SPECIFIED VECTOR QUANTITY A QUANTITY IN WHICH BOTH MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION ARE SPECIFIED Examples FAMILIAR SCALAR QUANTITIES TEMPERATURE (measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit