The structure of scientific revolution Bethel University科学革命的结构伯特利大学.pptVIP

The structure of scientific revolution Thomas Kuhns perspective The role of scientific tradition A scientific community cannot practice its trade without some set of received beliefs. A PARADIGM must exist. True or false? Is science the only area that needs a paradigm? Can ANYTHING function without a paradigm? Examples? What is the role of education? The nature of the rigorous and rigid preparation helps ensure that the received beliefs are firmly fixed in the students mind. True or false? Is this true with any kind of education? Is there a difference between Beginning and more advanced education? Examples? What is the role of research? Research is about confirming existing concepts, and exploring their applications. Research tends to work within a paradigm. Kuhn says it is a strenuous and devoted attempt to force nature into the conceptual boxes supplied by professional education. What do you think? Is it always that way? How does progress occur? When an anomaly undermines the basic tenets of the current scientific practice These tenets and assumptions no longer work New assumptions must develop New assumptions –paradigms - require the reconstruction of prior assumptions and the re-evaluation of prior facts. This is difficult and time consuming. Therefore is also strongly resisted by the established community. Scientific revolution This process is what Kuhn calls a scientific revolution, occurring through paradigm-shift How do paradigms emerge? Researchers observe phenomena Various pre-paradigmatic interpretations emerge and compete One interpretation seems better than the others, and gains more and more adherents That interpretation becomes a paradigm After a paradigm is created… A paradigm transforms a group into a profession or, at least, a discipline. From this follows the formation of specialized journals, the foundation of professional bodies and a claim to a special place in academe. There is a promulgation of scholarly articles addressed only to professio