Unrestrained Expansion a Source of Entropy Vortex Engine无限制扩展的熵涡发动机.pptVIP

December 2005 / L. Michaud AGU NG23A-0090 Unrestrained Expansion Unrestrained Expansiona Source of Entropy Earth Overall Entropy Budget Entropy budget of the Atmosphere Gravity Power Cycle Entropy Production Unrestrained ExpansionVan Ness Expander Atmospheric Engine * by Louis M. Michaud Vortex Engine Balancing the earth’s entropy budget requires that entropy be produced internally within the earth system. Entropy produced: 892 mW K-1 m-2 Absorbtion in Upper atmosphere: 255 mW K-1 m-2 Absorbtion at Surface: 580 mW K-1 m-2 Atmospheric Convection: 77 mW K-1 m-2 Entropy received: 41 mW K-1 m-2 Entropy given up: 933 mW K-1 m-2 Fig. 1 Entropy production when solar radiation is absorbed by the upper atmosphere or by the earth’s surface results from thermal unequilibrium. Entropy production is immediate and occurs when the radiation is absorbed. – Fig 1 Entropy production when heat is transported upward by convection in the atmospheres results from mechanical unequilibrium. Entropy production is delayed and occurs when the heat is transported upward. - Fig. 2 Entropy production during upward heat transported could be avoided if the heat were transported by a Carnot engine. Dissipating the energy produced by the Carnot engine would restore entropy production. – Fig 3 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 The differential pressure across the turbine results from the difference in density between the warmed rising air and the cooled descending air. – Fig. 4 Very high vertical conduits are required to achieve significant efficiency. There must be a turbine or expander to capture the work. - without the expander the work reverts to heat. The gravity cycle is equivalent to the ideal gas turbine power cycle. There is no entropy production in an ideal gas-turbine cycle. The efficiency of the gravity cycle is the same as that of a Carnot engine with the same average effective hot and cold source temperatures