WATER SOFTENING Rowan University软化水罗文大学.pptVIP

WATER SOFTENING removal of hardness Hardness is?... How is Softening done?... Why bother? Hardness in 300-500 mg/l as CaCO3 range considered excessive Even 150 mg/l may result in consumer objection 60-120 mg/l as CaCO3 is considered a moderate amount Formation of Hardness Hardness Carbonate Hardness Often called temporary hardness because heating the water will remove it. When the water is heated, the insoluble carbonates will precipitate and tend to form bottom deposits in water heaters. Ca2+, Mg2+ associated with HCO3-, CO32- CH = TH or Total alkalinity, whichever is less Hardness Non-Carbonate Hardness Called permanent hardness because it is not removed when the water is heated. It is much more expensive to remove non-carbonate hardness than carbonate hardness. Ca2+, Mg2+ associated with other ions, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- NCH = TH - CH If Alkalinity ? Total hardness, then NCH = 0 Hardness Units milligrams per liter (mg/L) as calcium carbonate (most common) parts per million (ppm) as calcium carbonate grains per gallon of hardness (to convert from grains per gallon to mg/L, multiply by 17.1) equivalents/liter (eq/L) LIME - SODA ASH SOFTENING Addition of lime, Ca(OH)2, soda ash, Na2CO3 causes precipitation of Ca, Mg Lime often added as CaO, quick lime CaO + H20 -- Ca(OH)2 Three basic processes Excess lime treatment Selective calcium removal Split treatment Stoichiometry CO2 + Ca(OH)2 -- CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -- 2 CaCO3 + 2 H20Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -- CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H20Mg(CO3) + Ca(OH)2 -- Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3MgS04 + Ca(OH)2 -- Mg(OH)2 + CaS04MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 -- Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2CaS04 + Na2CO3 -- CaC03 + Na2SO4CaCl2 + Na2CO3 -- CaC03 + 2NaCl Solubilities Ca(OH)2 is very soluble, Mg(OH)2 is not MgCO3 is very soluble, CaCO3 is not CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 are relatively insoluble CaCO3: ~ 30 mg/l as CaCO3 0.6 meq/l Mg(OH)2: ~ 10 mg/l as CaCO3 0.2 meq/l MW is ?... EW is?... mg/l is ?... Removal by precipitation Is complete removal possible?..