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Stockholm 2010 Lexical Typology: Sounds Ekaterina Rakhilina Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow rakhilina@ Types of sounds Human beings (including ‘tramp’ or ‘patter’, ‘grinding of teeth’, ‘handclap’, etc.) Musical instruments Animals (including ‘thud of hoofs’) Natural objects (water, stones, pieces of wood, thunder, leaves, wind, forest, etc.) Artifacts (iron + glass: vessels, transport, etc.) SOUNDS It is well known that animal sounds can be applied to people metaphorically MY QUESTION: What “human” sounds are conceptualized as those of animals, birds or insects? A SIMPLE ANSWER: INARTICULATE INARTICULATE SOUNDS I. NON-SPEECH: I.1. UNCONTROLLED I.2. CONTROLLED II. SPEECH I.1. NON-SPEECH, UNCONTROLLED A. PHYSIOLOGICAL To groan, to sneeze, to wheeze, to snore… B. SPONTANIOUS REACTIONS Negative (= ?crying?) Positive (= ?laughing?) I.1.A. PHYSIOLOGICAL Russ.: ur?at’ (stomach rumbles) = Engl. growl (dogs bears, *wolves) Czech: hrochtat - pigs ? groan (raising something heavy) = “to hippopotamus”: hroch – hippopotamus NB! Frogs ducks in Czech and Norwegian Arm.: ‘grunt’ = to wheeze before dying Kalmyk.: ‘grunt’ = to snore [=to purr (about cats)] Komi: furskyny ‘to spit (about horses)’ = ‘to slurp’ + ‘to sniff’ ONOMATOPOEIA  I.1.B. ?CRYING? ?LAUGHING? ?Crying? Rus.: bear, dog, wolf, chicken / mice; Arm. cow ?Laughing? Rus.: horse, goose [Engl. honk – about cars] Arm.: cicada ? to laugh; sheep ? + abrupt Engl.: hoot (owl) ? to laugh loudly that was a real hoot BOTH Rus.: viz?at’ (pain, happiness) NB! Engl.: to squeal on smb. – to inform against smb. Engl.: howl (wolf) ? to cry / laugh very loudly roar (only lion) ? a lot of pain / laugh; cf. Rus. revet’ (subject: adult or group of people) I. NON-SPEECH I.1. Uncontrolled Physiological Spontaneous reactions (?crying? ?laughing?) I.2. Controlled: singing without words Rus.: murlykat’ without music talking to oneself (cf. Rus. bormotat’ Engl. mutter) ? I.