普通语言学》第6次课课件.ppt

《普通语言学概论》第 6 次课第二章 语音学和音位学(2) 第二节 辅音和元音 本次课的任务 基本内容：辅音 元音 英语语音(辅音元音) 知识性质：理解记忆型(先是理解，然后记忆) 学习目标：学会多维度描写语音 重点难点：知识庞杂，难以理解 学习方法：吃透概念，分清条理，逐渐建立一 个完整清晰的知识框架，或者将课 本上的图表内化在心里。 第二节的引言 1. 在对音段的描写中，首当其中的基本区分就是关于辅音和元音的区分。 2. 辅音和元音的区分在于 ？ 3. 对辅音和元音的描写为什么以不同的标准进行？ 2.2.1 辅音 1. 辅音总的发音特点：Consonants are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.” 2. 辅音分类的两个标准： 1.Manner of Articulation; 2.Place of Articulation 3. The MANNER OF ARTICULATION refers to the ways in which articulation can be accomplished: (a) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or for a relatively long period; (b) they may narrow the space considerably; or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other. 1. STOP or PLOSIVE (塞音、闭塞音或破裂音、 爆破音) 2. NASAL (鼻音) 3. FRICATIVE (摩擦音、擦音) 4. APPROXIMATANT (近音) 5. LATERAL (边音) 6. TRILL (颤音) 7. TAP and FLAP (一次接触音和闪音) 8. AFFRICATE (塞擦音 或 破擦音) 4. PLACE of ARTICULATION refers to the point where a consonant is made. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds. 1. BILABIAL (双唇音) 2. LABIODENTAL (唇齿音) 3. DENTAL (齿音) 4. ALVEOLAR (齿龈音) 5. POSTALVEOLAR (齿龈后音) 6. RETROFLEX (卷舌音) 7. PALATAL (硬腭音) 8. VELAR (软腭音) 9. UVULAR (小舌音) 10. PHARYNGEAL (咽音) 11. GLOTTAL (声门音) 5. 对上述音的描写中，所涉及的方面有： 1. 发音规则; 2.主要代表 1. STOP or PLOSIVE (塞音/闭塞音/口腔塞音或破裂音/爆破音) 发音特点：Complete closure of the articulators is involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth. [发音器官完全关闭，气流无法从口腔通过] 发音的三个阶段： 1. the closing phase/ 闭塞期、闭合期 2. the hold or compression phase/ 相持期或压缩期 3. the release phase / 释放期(or PLOSION) 此音何以得名: (略) 主要代表：英语语音中的[p, b, t, d, k, g]是爆破音。 2. NASAL (鼻音) 发音规则：If the air is stopped in the or