普通语言学》第8次课课件.ppt

《普通语言学概论》第 8 次课第二章 语音学和音位学(4) 音位过程 第四节 音位规则 区别性特征 本次课的任务 1. 简要复习上次课所学的内容。 2. 主要内容：若干条音位规则 3. 重点难点：音位规则；格式规范 4. 学习目标：了解音位规则。 5. 知识特点：概念比较抽象，环环相扣。 6. 学习方法：结合实例理解概念，循序渐进；建立 体系； 7. 学习要求：重在理解；严肃认真，持久专注。 2.4.1 Assimilation In this section we will introduce some more ideas of phonology. Let us begin by looking at the following sets of words. Consider their pronunciation in this case. Ex. 2-1 a. cap [k?p] can [k?n] b. tap [t?p] tan [t?n] Ex. 2-2 a. tent [tεn t] tenth [tεnθ] b. ninety [nainti] ninth [nainθ] Ex. 2-3 a. since [sins] sink [si?k] b. mince [mins] mink[mi?k] In both Ex.2-1a and 2-1b, the words differ in two sounds. The vowel in the second word of each pair is “nasalized” because of the influence of the following nasal consonants. In Ex.2-2, the (alveolar) nasal /n/ is “dentalized” before a dental fricative. In Ex.2-3, the alveolar nasal /n/ becomes the velar nasal [?] before the velar stop [k]. In this situation, NASALIZATION (鼻音化), DENTALIZATION(齿音化), and VELARIZATION(软腭化) are all instances of ASSIMILATION(同化), a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. 重要概念 1. NASALIZATION (鼻音化) 2. DENTALIZATION (齿音化) 3. VELARIZATION (软腭化) 4. ASSIMILATION (同化) Assimilation is a phonological term, often used synonymously with coarticulation (2.3.1), which is more of a phonetic term. Similarly, there are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it REGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION(逆同化); the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as PROGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION(顺同化). All our examples in ex.2-1～ 2-3 are instances of “regressive assimilation”. Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries, as shown by the following : Ex. 2-4 a. pan