普通语言学》第9次课课件.ppt

《普通语言学概论》第 9 次课第二章 语音学和音位学(5) 第五节 超音段特征 学习要点 1. 要正确地理解概念；理解概念是一切的基础。 1.1. 正确理解概念的文字表述。 1.2. 结合实例，加深对概念的理解。 1.3. 依据概念，加深对实例的分析。 2. 逐步建立属于自己的知识体系。 2.1. 发现概念(俗称“知识点”)之间的联系，将概念逐渐串连起来。 2.2. 通过越来越多的运用，将概念之间的联系更加理顺，逐渐建立属于自己的知识网络。 2.3. 运用知识网络，反过来加深对单个概念的理解。 3. 这是科学的学习方法，是可持续的，是着眼于未来的， 是能经受考验的。 还语音学和音位学以本来面目 —— 从语流和音段说起 ①If we listen to a foreign language we do not understand, it seems that the fluent speaker is talking in a continuous stream. ②However, no language is truly continuous. ③To convey discrete meanings, there have to be discrete units, and the first task in decoding a new language is finding out the discrete units. [P6，Para. 2] ①在兼具连续性和离散性的语流中，各个语音单位以先后顺序,呈线性组合,既相互粘连，又彼此相对独立。②为了科学研究，科学家对语流[呈先后 顺序的线性组合]进行切分，得到若干个大小不等的语音单位,它们都各占用一定的时间段,因此科学家称之为音段(sound segment/segment)。 音段,作为一种语音单位，是一个比较自由的概念，最小的音段是单独的一个音[因此，也叫单个音段]，较大的音段有音节、词、短语和小句及句子等。与音段类似、但更笼统的常见概念有“语音单位”。 当最小音段前后连缀起来组合成较大的音段时,这种较大音段所具有的性质会超越原来音段的线性组合,因而具有超音段的性质。 ①So far we have been dealing with the phonemes—sound segment[音段] that distinguish meaning. ②But distinctive features[区别性特征] can also be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments[音位音段]. ③The phonemic features[音位特征] that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features[超音段音位特征]; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. ④The main suprasegmental features includes stress, intonation, and tone. [P28] ——《新编简明英语语言学教程》 (戴炜栋、何兆熊) Suprasegmental features(超音段[语音]特征) are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments(单个音段). The principal suprasegmentals (超音段特征) are stress(重音), intonation(语调), and tone(声调). 概念解释：①Suprasegmental feature’s domain extends over more than one successive minimal element. ②Thus stress is a suprasegmental feature whose domain is a syllable, not an individual consonant or vowel within it. 注：suprasegmental f