【物理】单车空气动力学 aerodynamics of cycling.pptVIP

Stephen Kulju http://www.mira.co.uk/Services/images/bike.jpg Outline Introduction Basic Fluid Mechanics Drag and Friction Bicycle Aerodynamics Position Velocity Power Output Reducing Drag Drafting Crosswind effects Introduction Aerodynamics, or wind resistance is an everyday experience to bicyclists. At average speeds aerodynamic drag is the largest resistive force aside from the gravity of a large hill Due to the fluidity of air. Composed of normal (Pressure) force and tangential (frictional) force. Extremely geometry dependent. Fluid Mechanics Dynamics Fluid – a material that deforms continuously and permanently under the application of a shearing stress. Important properties Density (ρ) Specific weight (γ) Specific Gravity (SG) Viscosity (μ) Shear Force Velocity Gradient Velocity of fluid is zero along surface due to friction . (No slip condition) Fluid Mechanics Dynamics Streamline Lines tangent to the velocity vector throughout the flow field Figure from Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics pg. 97 Fluid Mechanics Dynamics Stagnation Point Largest pressure obtainable along a streamline Velocity is zero Figure from Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics pg. 108 Fluid Mechanics Dynamics Air as a fluid When studying aerodynamics air is treated as a fluid. Follows all laws of motion and all laws of fluid mechanics http://pico1.e.ft.fontys.nl/aot/newton.jpg ΣF = ma Conservation of Energy Conservation of Mass Fluid Mechanics Dynamics Continuity equation Mass is conserved V1A1=V2A2 Bernoulli equation P1+1/2 ρV12 +γz1 = P2+1/2 ρV22 +γz2 Relationship between Pressure, Velocity, and Elevation Based on conservation of linear momentum (Kinetic Energy) A1 A2 V1 V2 Aerodynamics Two effective forces Pressure Friction For cyclists, pressure effect is much larger than friction due to non-streamlined body. Streamlined bodies incorporate gradual tapering to minimize pressure effect and separation of fluid (a) Normal pressure and friction forces (b) Attached and separated flow a