CHAPTER5DISORDERSANDCONDITIONSOFTHEEYEANDEAR.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 11/1/2011 * DIAGNOSIS * complete visual examination* skin test for TB, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis* blood test TREATMENT * treat underlying disease if known* cycloplegics and steroids 11/1/2011 * EXOPHTHALMOS MECHANISM * Edema of the soft tissue that lines bony orbit of eye ETIOLOGY * hyperthyroidism (bilateral)* hemorrhage or inflammation (unilateral) SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS * protrusion of eye balls* dizziness * double vision* restricted eye movement* seriously blurred vision 11/1/2011 * DIAGNOSIS * ophthalmic examination* blood work * x ray / CT* echography TREATMENT * treat underlying disorder (thyroid)* surgery* steroids (control edema)  * * The mammalian eyeball is an organ that focuses a visual scene onto a sheet of specialized neural tissue, the retina, which lines the back of the eye. Light from a scene passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens on its way to the retina. The cornea and lens focus light from objects onto photoreceptors, which absorb and then convert it into electrical signals that carry information to the brain. Two pockets of transparent fluid nourish eye tissues and maintain constant eye shape: these are the aqueous and vitreous humors, through which the light also passes. The lens projects an inverted image onto the retina in the same way a camera lens projects an inverted image onto film; the brain adjusts this inversion so we see the world in its correct orientation. To control the images that fall upon our retinas, we can either turn our heads or turn our eyes independently of our heads by contracting the extraocular muscles, six bands of muscles that attach to the tough outside covering, or sclera, of the eyeball and are innervated by cranial nerves. See Table 1 for a brief list of eyeball components and their functions. The cornea and lens bend or refract light rays as they enter the eye, in order to focus images