java程序设计教案（美国）jhtp5_17.pptVIP

Chapter 17 – Files and Streams 17.1 Introduction Files Long-term storage of large amounts of data Persistent data exists after termination of program Files stored on secondary storage devices Magnetic disks Optical disks Magnetic tapes Sequential and random access files 17.2 Data Hierarchy Smallest data item in a computer is a bit Bit can be either 0 or 1 Bit short for “binary digit” Programmers work with higher level data items Decimal digits: (0-9) Letters: (A-Z and a-z) Special symbols: (e.g., $, @, %, , *, (, ), -, +, “, :, ?, /, etc.) Java uses Unicode characters composed of 2 bytes A byte is 8 bits long Fields (Java instance variables) Composed of characters or bytes Conveys meaning 17.2 Data Hierarchy Data hierarchy Data items in a computer form a hierarchy Progresses from bits, to characters, to fields, etc. Records Composed of several fields Implemented as a class in Java See Fig. 17.1 for example File is a group of related records One field in each record is a record key Record key is a unique identifier for a record Sequential file Records stored in order by record key Fig. 17.1 Data hierarchy 17.3 Files and Streams Java views a file as a stream of bytes (Fig. 17.2) File ends with end-of-file marker or a specific byte number File as a stream of bytes associated with an object Java also associates streams with devices System.in, System.out, and System.err Streams can be redirected File processing with classes in package java.io FileInputStream for byte-based input from a file FileOutputStream for byte-based output to a file FileReader for character-based input from a file FileWriter for character-based output to a file Fig. 17.2 Java’s view of a file of n bytes 17.3 Files and Streams Buffering Improves performance of I/O Copies each output to a region of memory called a buffer Entire buffer output to disk at once One long disk access takes less time than many smaller ones BufferedOutputStream buffers file output BufferedInputStream buffers file inp