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A modified -star discrepancy method for measuring mixing uniformity in a direct contact heat exchanger.pdf

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A modified -star discrepancy method for measuring mixing uniformity in a direct contact heat exchanger.pdf

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 97 (2016) 70–76 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer journal homepage: /locate/ijhmt A modi?ed L2-star discrepancy method for measuring mixing uniformity in a direct contact heat exchanger Jian-xin Xu a,b,1, Qing-tai Xiao a,b,1, Yin Chen c, Yu Fei d,?, Jian-xin Pan d,1, Hua Wang a a State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China b Quality Development Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China c School of Insurance and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, PR China d School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, PR China article info Article history: Received 28 November 2015 Received in revised form 20 January 2016 Accepted 29 January 2016 Available online 15 February 2016 Keywords: Direct contact heat transfer Mixing ef?ciency Bubble uniformity Modi?ed discrepancy Image processing Uniformity coef?cient abstract There is a linear relationship between the ?ow patterns of a bubble swarm and heat transfer from the viewpoint of experimental analysis. To investigate the space–time features of the mixing process in a direct contact heat exchanger, uniformity coef?cient (UC) method based on L2-star discrepancy (UCLD) for assessing the mixing time of bubbles behind the viewing windows is effective. Although the UC makes a distinction between the local and global uniform with the same Betti number, the properties of UC have not been explored and there was a great in?uence of calculating initial position on the original UC, namely UC-LD. In this paper, we extend the UC-LD to the modi?ed uniformity coef?cient based on modi?ed L2-star discrepancies such as centered discrepancy and wrap-around discrepancy. Uniformity coef?cient based on centered disc