现实主义欧洲文学史.pptVIP

Realism in the 19th century Realism A movement in art and literature; It developed in Europe and the US; In the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century; It centered集中 in the novel; It emphasizes fidelity 忠实 to reality and actual experience实际经验. It aims at a truthful representation陈述 of human behavior and surroundings or figures and objects客观事物 exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been made several times throughout history in all the arts, but the term词汇 is generally restricted限定约束 to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly subjective主观 approach of Romanticism. It was in opposition to Romanticism’s emphasis on feelings and imaginations, which was believed as an escape from reality by the writers of Realism. The world reflected in Romantic writers’ works was false错误的 and the romantic works were considered too sentimental伤感的感情脆弱的 by the realists. It began in France in the novels of Flaubert and the short stories of Maupassant. Central to the idea核心思想 of Realism is the belief that literature is the mirror镜子 of real life. Writers of Realism use everyday scenes and occurences as their subject主题. Method: observational and objective representation The realists regard characterization 人物塑造 rather than the plot 情节 the center of the novel. The realists have more interest in social problems and tend to talk about ethical 伦理 issues. Its language is usually simple, clear and direct. Its tone is usually comic and sometimes satirical讽刺性的. The realists concentrate on middle-class life and preoccupations 想法, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues. For the realists, it is important to reflect the world as it is from the personal experience of it. Representative figures France Stendhal Balzac巴尔扎克 Flaubert Zola左拉 Maupassant England Dickens 狄更斯 --George Eliot --the Bronte sisters Thackeray -- Thomas Hardy Russia Anton