第三章1伐区木材生产工艺与学案.pdf

第三章 伐区木材生产工艺与技 术 ? 第一节 森林采伐 ? 一、概念与种类 ? 伐木——归集——装车——清理 ? 一系列的作业过程 ? 种类： ? 主伐：皆伐、择伐、渐伐 ? 经营性采伐：抚育伐、更新采伐、低产林 改造 ? 二、伐区生产作业总体要求 ? 经济性、森林更新、森林生态 ? 三、主伐方式 ? （一）概念 ? （二）种类 ? 1. 皆伐: 将伐区上所有林木一次全部伐完 或几乎全部伐完的采伐方式。我国《规 范》推荐小面积皆伐。5~15hm2 2. 渐伐 shelterwood cutting 3. 择伐 第二节 伐区木材生产系统 一、系统构成 （一）系统输入 自然条件、森林状况、市场 情况 （二）系统处理：伐区生产 本身 （三）伐区生产的输出与反 馈 实物输出、经济效益、森林 更新效果、森林生态效益 二、伐区木材生产工艺及选择 产品形态：伐倒木、原木、原条、木片 对应四种生产工艺类型，主要是前三种。 三、伐区路网系统 （一）林道网密度及其理论体系 林道网密度概念 1、中欧林道网密度理论 2、极限林道网密度理论 3、马丘思林道网密度理论 4、我国林道网密度理论 参考文献：熊超. 中国林道网理论，北京： 中国林业出版社，1991 第三节 国外机械化伐区木材生产作业系统 ——以日本为例 The scale of forest owner, business and forestry contractors are all small, the mechanization of forestry has been considerably delayed. It is important to promote forestry mechanization and establish new operation systems to deal with the decrease in the labor force, industrial accidence, and high cost. ?High performance machines suited to work conditions, e.g., topography. It is also important to arrange the conditions for introducing high performance machines together with the development. Mechanization in forestry in Japan started around in 1985. These high performance machines include fellerbunchers, processores, harvesters, grapple skidders, forwarders and tower-yarders which brought in a high efficiency and good labor productivity of logging system. some problems: 1. The machinery is insufficient in performance in work in a steep slope, in non-clear cutting operations, such as thinning and tending, and in consideration to the environment. 2. The machinery is less disseminated in areas where less forest roads are arranged or less advanced in organizing joint forest work among forest owners because each individual owner may not secure enough yield volume if investing in the machinery. And the rate of operation I supposed to be low. ?While processors are widely used, new mechanized logging procedures are not still accepted commonly. ?To promote further mechanization, machine prices should be lowered. ?Thus, forest owners