曼昆经济学Chbp10.pptVIP

Externalities 外部性 Chapter 10 Market Efficiency - Market Failures Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market. 市场效率 和 市场失灵 回顾: 亚当.斯密所说的市场中“看不见的手”引导着市场中自利的买者和卖者追求自己利益最大化的同时，使整个社会从市场中获得的总利益也达到最大化。 EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY An externality refers to the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus. 外部性与市场无效率 外部性——一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响，这种影响得不到补偿。 外部性导致市场失灵，因此单靠市场力量不能使社会总剩余最大化。 An externality arises… 外部性产生… . . . when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. …当一个人的行为影响到旁观者的福利时，若此人既不为此支付成本（给旁观者带来成本时）又不能得到补偿（给旁观者带来利益时），外部性就产生了。 EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY 外部性与市场无效率 When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. 给旁观者带来不利影响的外部性称为负外部性 When the impact on the bystander is beneficial, the externality is called a positive externality. 给旁观者带来有利影响的外部性称为正外部性 Examples of Negative Externalities负外部性例子 Automobile exhaust 汽车尾气 Cigarette smoking 吸烟 Barking dogs (loud pets) 狂叫的狗 Loud stereos in an apartment building 在公寓楼里大声放立体声 Examples of Positive Externalities正外部性例子 Immunizations 免疫 Restored historic buildings 修复历史古迹 Research into new technologies 新技术研究开发 The Market for Aluminum 铝市场 The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics铝市场和福利经济学 The quantity produced and consumed in the market equilibrium is efficient in the sense that it maximizes the sum of producer and consumer surplus. “市场均衡时的生产量和消费量是有效率的”，这句话的意思是说生产者和消费者的总剩余最大。 The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics铝市场和福利经济学 If the aluminum factories emit pollution (a negative externality),