2基因的结构与功能规范.ppt

位于染色体上呈直线排列的遗传单位，是编码有功能的蛋白质多肽链或RNA所必需的全部核苷酸序列。 基因的构成： （1）编码蛋白质或RNA的基因 (结构基因，functional gene) （2）具有调节功能的片段或序列，提供转录、复制、重组起始信号（调节基因,control gene）。 一个基因应包括：编码蛋白质肽链或RNA的核酸序列、转录所必须的调控序列、编码区上游5’端非编码序列、内含子、编码区下游3’端非编码序列 2.4 真核基因的特点 From Gene to Protein 2.5 Gene families Some genes are organized into groups or clusters, which are called operons and multigene families. Operons are gene clusters found in bacteria. In an operon, genes are regulated in a coordinated way and encode proteins with closely related functions. e.g. Lac operon . In higher organisms, clustered genes exist as multigene families. The genes in a multigene family are identical or very similar and are not regulated coordinately. Simple and complex multigene families: the genes are identical (e.g. 5S rDNA) or not (e.g. globin gene family) respectively (Fig. 3). * 基因是染色体上的实体 基因象链珠(bead)一样，独立地、线状排列在染色体上 基因是三位一体的（three in one） 功能(functional unit) 突变(mutation unit) 交换(cross-over unit) “三位一体”的 最小的 不可分割的 基本的 遗传单位 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance Chapter 2 Gene structures 基因的分子生物学概念 2.2 Genes Made of RNA Certain viruses contain genes made of RNA instead of DNA. Sometimes viral RNA genes are double stranded, but usually they are single-stranded. In fact, without viruses, the field of molecular biology would be immeasurably poorer. Notice it is different from “RNA genes” Definition：An RNA gene is any gene that encodes RNA that functions without being translated into a protein. Also called：noncoding RNA (ncRNA) and small RNA (sRNA). Examples：transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)：involved in a variety of important processes, such as RNA splicing and maintaining the telomeres. microRNA Since the late 1990s, many new RNA genes have been found, and thus RNA genes may play a much more significant role than previously thought. Even so, they are probably not as significant or numerous as the protein-coding genes. 细胞中各类RNA的含量 The flow of genetic information 2.3 原核生物基因的特