生理学blood复习.docVIP

BLOOD Regulation of Red Blood Cell Production—Role of Erythropoietin促红细胞生成素 The total mass of red blood cells in the circulatory system is regulated within narrow limits, so that: 1. an adequate number of red cells is always available to provide sufficient transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues 2. the cells do not become so numerous that they impede阻碍 blood flow. Major O-A-B Blood Types Erythroblastosis Fetalis (“Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn”) ? It is a disease of the fetus and newborn child characterized by agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus’s red blood cells ? Mother: Rh-negative Father: Rh-positive The baby: Rh-positive ? The mother develops anti-Rh agglutinins from exposure to the fetus’s Rh antigen. In turn, the mother’s agglutinins diffuse through the placenta into the fetus and cause red blood cell agglutination. Events in Hemostasis ? Hemostasis means prevention of blood loss. ? 1. vascular constriction 2. formation of a platelet plug栓 3. formation of a blood clot as a result of blood coagulation 4. eventual growth of fibrous tissue into the blood clot to close the hole in the vessel permanently Clotting takes place in three essential steps (1) Formation of a complex called prothrombin凝血酶原 activator. (2) The prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin into thrombin凝血酶. (3) The thrombin acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen into fibrin fibers Extrinsic Pathway for Initiating Clotting (P461) Intrinsic Pathway for Initiating Clotting (P462) Prevention of Blood Clotting in the Normal Vascular System — Intravascular Anticoagulants ? Endothelial Surface Factors (1) the smoothness of the endothelial cell surface; (2) a layer of glycocalyx on the endothelium which repels排斥 clotting factors and platelets (3) a protein bound with the endothelial membrane, thrombomodulin血栓调节蛋白, which binds thrombin and activates a plasma protein, protein C, that acts as an anticoagulant by inactivating activated Factors V and VIII. ? Anti