风险认知概述,英文版.pptVIP

* Introduction There existed risk in crossing a road. Risk was thus defined relatively to the individual, not in an absolute sense. The subjects were unaware that they were under observation .The presence of risk was measured in terms of the proportion of individual successes. The behavior studied was that of people crossing a road from a centre island to the pavement, or vice-versa ,against one stream of traffic. It would not be far-fetched to assume that each pedestrian intended to cross the road safely without being injured by a vehicle. A persons tacit beliefs about the chances of safely crossing a road ,which was regarded as his subjective probability of safety (or injury), may be assumed to be related to the speed and distance of approaching vehicles. Method of Observation A crossing suitable for the present study was chosen on a main road in a busy part. There was no zebra crossing, traffic lights or police control. Traffic density was moderately heavy. The study extended over a period of one month and 1,189 observations were made on 491 persons. Method of Observation Four kinds of observation were recorded for each member of the sample: (i) age, (ii) sex, (iii) speed and distance of vehicle, (iv) crossing or not crossing. Age and sex were both estimated from the pedestrians appearance and attire. A measure of the speed and distance of the approaching vehicle was obtained by recording the time from the moment the person stepped to the edge of the road and looked at the oncoming traffic to the moment when the first vehicle reached the crossing. Measurements were taken to the nearest second. Preliminary observations had indicated that when vehicles were more than 10 seconds away pedestrians without exception would cross the road. Our analysis was therefore limited to vehicles within that distance. Thus observations