材料科学与工程基础Chapter5(上课)讲义.pptx

Chapter 5 Engineering Alloys 5.1 Introduction Metals and alloys are the most important engineering materials in industry, which account for about 90% of the world’s production of metals. Because of: Good strength ,Toughness, Ductility, Low cost Major types: Ferrous alloy（黑色合金）: based on iron Nonferrous alloy（有色合金）: based on the other metals 5.2 Production of Iron and Steel 5.2.1 Production of Pig Iron ( 生铁 ) Most pig iron is extracted from iron ores in a large blast furnace ( 高炉 ), and then is usually transferred to steel-making furnace in the liquid state. 5.2.2 Typical reaction: Fe2 O3 ( iron ores 铁矿石 ) + 3CO ( coke 焦炭 ) 2Fe + 3CO2 Production of Iron and Steel Properties of pure iron: low strength and ductility Tensile strength: 180 – 230 MN/m2 Yield strength at 0.2 % offset: 100-170 MN/m2 Hardness( Hb ): 50 – 80 kgf/mm2 Percent elongation at fracture: 30-50% Therefore, it is rare to use pure iron in industry. 5.3 Steel – making and processing of major steel products The majority of steels contain less than 0.5% of carbon. Most commonly process for converting pig iron into steel is basic process ( 氧气吹顶法 ). Pig iron and 30% steel crap is fed into refractory furnace to which oxygen lane is inserted. Oxygen reacts with liquid bath to form iron oxide. FeO + C Fe + CO Slag forming fluxes are added. Carbon content and other impurities are lowered. Molten steel is continuously cast and formed into shapes. 5.4 The iron – iron carbide phase diagram ( 铁碳合金相图 ) The components for iron – iron carbide phase diagram ( Fig. 9.6 ) The components for iron – iron carbide phase diagram ( Fig. 9.6 ) * Pure Fe * Fe3 C ( 渗碳体 ): intermetallic compound,up to 6.67 wt% c in the system Basic properties for Fe3 C: High hardness with brittle feature Tensile strength: 30 MN/m2 Hardness ( Hb ): 800 kgf