Chapterlexicon新.ppt

Chapter 3 lexicon3.1 what is word 3.2 the formation of word  3.3 lexical change 3.1 What is word 3.1.1 Three senses of “word” Word is a unit of expression that native-speakers may recognize by intuition, whether in spoken or written form. This definition is a bit vague. In fact, it is hard to define “word” in the scientific sense. Nevertheless, it is agreed that three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which, is satisfactory to cope with all the situations (these three definitons cannot cover everything). 3.1 What is word 1) a physically definable unit 自然的有界限的单位 Word may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks. 两个间隔或空白之间的音段成分或字母的组合群. Phonological: 音系上: Orthographic: 书写上: It is wonderful. In casual speech or writing: it’s wonderful. There are three words in each case. But in casual speech or writing, one would express the same idea in the following ways: 3.1 What is word Phonological: 音系上: Orthographic: 书写上: It’s wonderful. Problem: when liaison连音 and contracted form缩写式 occur, should they identified as three words or two words? 3.1 What is word 2) word both as a general term and as a specific term When faced with a set of nouns, such as boy and boys, or a set of verbs, such as check, checks, checked, checking, they are recognized as two words and four words respectively. Word may be used as a general term( boy and boys are just one word) and specific term( boy and boys are two words). 3.1 What is word 3) a grammatical unit As is shown in the following hierarchical scale. Language presents itself as a hierarchy in different respects, it rises from morpheme at the bottom up the clause complex at the top. Clause complex 小句复合体, 复句 Clause 小句 Word group/ phrase 词组/短语 Word 词 Morpheme 词素 Word is a rank 级 between morpheme and word group. 3.1 What is word 3.1.2 identification of words There are other factors which may help mus identify words 1) stability: words are the most stable o