ClimateforcingbyAerosols.ppt

* * * * c Gulf Stream 湾流 Kuroshio 黑潮 The Ekman Layer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and turbulent drag. It was first described by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Vagn Walfrid Ekman (3 May 1874 – 9 March 1954) was a Swedish oceanographer. Ekman developed the theory of the Ekman layer after Fridtjof Nansen observed that ice drifts at an angle of 20°-40° to the right of the prevailing wind direction while on an Arctic expedition aboard the Fram. Nansen asked his colleague, Vilhelm Bjerknes to set one of his students upon study of the problem. Bjerknes tapped Ekman, who presented his results in 1902 as his doctoral thesis. SST: Major Features Atlantic Warm Pool Pacific Warm Pool Cold Tongues GOES DATA and Nowcasting GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) 地球静止业务环境卫星 The forecasting of the weather within the next six hours is often referred to as nowcasting. In this time range it is possible to forecast smaller features such as individual showers and thunderstorms with reasonable accuracy, as well as other features too small to be resolved by a computer model. A human given the latest radar, satellite and observational data will be able to make a better analysis of the small scale features present and so will be able to make a more accurate forecast for the following few hours. Nowcasting From the geostationary satellite we have an observation at least every half hour of the earth’s cloud cover. The clouds and cloud patterns are the results of specific processes in the atmosphere. It is our task as meteorologists to understand these processes and extend them into the future. Purdom (1976) pointed out that many of the mesoscale phenomena important in the initiation and maintenance of convection, such as the sea breeze, dry lines, lake breezes, area of pre-squall line development, areas of convective cloud merger, and mesoscale high pressure systems, which the forecaster previously