Molecular Biology in Medicine医学分子生物学.pptVIP

Regulatory region in MT gene BLE: basal level element; TRE: TPA response element General Principle: any one of several different elements, located in either an enhancer or promoter, can independently activate the gene. III. Regulation of transcription ? = MTF-1 Answer to question 2 Signal transduction Key events: Protein synthesis Protein modification Ligand binding Protein cleavage Inhibitor release Mutation III. Regulation of transcription The activity of a regulatory transcription factor may be controlled by synthesis of protein, covalent modification of protein, ligand binding, or binding of inhibitors that sequester the protein or affect its ability to bind to DNA. Regulation Modes of Transcription Factor mutations of the transcription factors give rise to factors that inappropriately activate, or prevent activation, of transcription III. Regulation of transcription Eukaryotic transcriptional control operates at three levels during the stage of initiation 1. changes in chromatin structure directed by activators and repressors 2. modulation of the levels of activators and repressors (gene expression) 3. change the activities of activators and repressors III. Regulation of transcription Gene differential expression IV. RNA Processing INTRODUCTION Facts: Genes are interrupted, and mRNAs are uninterrupted The primary transcript has the same organization as the gene Most mRNAs have 5’ cap and 3’ poly(A) tail Heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNA) exist in the nucleus RNA contains rare bases Mechanism: RNA splicing: remove intron RNA modification: 5’ capping, 3’ polyadenylation, base modification INTRODUCTION The initial primary transcript synthesized by RNA polymerase II undergoes several processing steps before a functional mRNA is produced: 5’ capping 3’ cleavage/polyadenylation RNA splicing RNA splicing is the process of excising the sequences in RNA that correspond to introns, so that the sequence