5philosophyofstructuraldesign.doc

A structure engineering project can be divided into three phases: planning, design, and construction. 一个结构工程项目可以分为三个阶段：规划、设计和施工。 Structural design involves determining the most suitable proportions of a structure and dimensioning the structural elements and details of which it is composed. This is the most highly technical and mathematical phase of a structural engineering project, but it cannot and certainly should not-be conducted without being fully coordinated with the planning and construction phases of the project. The successful designer is at all times fully conscious of the various considerations that were involved in the preliminary planning for the structure and, likewise, of the various problems that may later be encountered in its construction. 结构设计内容包括要确定 结构最优的比例尺寸，并确定结构构件和细部的尺寸。（这是整个结构工程项目中技术性最高，数学严谨性最强的阶段，但若不能同规划和施工阶段完全 协调、配合，就不能也不应该付诸实施。一个成功的设计 （者总是会全面考虑结构在初步规划中所涉及到的各种条件，以及在以后的施工中会碰到的各种问题。 Specially, the structural design of any structure first involves the establishment of the loading, and other design conditions that must be resisted by the structure and therefore must be considered in its design. Then comes the analysis (or computation) of the internal gross forces (thrust, shears, bending moments, and twisting moments), stress intensities, strains, deflections, and reactions produced by the loads, temperature, shrinkage, creep, or other design conditions. Finally comes the proportioning and selection of materials of the members and connections so as to resist adequately the effects produced by the design conditions. The criteria used to judge whether particular proportions will result in the desired behavior reflect accumulated knowledge (theory, field and model test, and practical experience, intuition, and judgment. For most common civil engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, the usual practice in the past has been to design on the basis of a comparison of allowable stress intensities with those produced by the service loadi