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LETTER Ecology Letters, (2009) 12: 813–822 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01334.x Productivity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarps under increased atmospheric CO2 and O3 Carrie Andrew1* and Erik A. Lilleskov2 1Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 49931 MI, USA 2USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Houghton, 49931 MI, USA *Correspondence: E-mail: cjandrew@mtu.edu Abstract Sporocarp production is essential for ectomycorrhizal fungal recombination and dispersal, which in?uences fungal community dynamics. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) affect host plant carbon gain and allocation, which may in turn in?uence ectomycorrhizal sporocarp production if the carbon available to the ectomycorrhizal fungus is dependant upon the quantity of carbon assimilated by the host. We measured sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi over 4 years at the Aspen FACE (free air CO2 enrichment) site, which corresponded to stand ages seven to 10 years. Total mean sporocarp biomass was greatest under elevated CO2, regardless of O3 concentration, while it was generally lowest under elevated O3 with ambient CO2. Community composition differed signi?cantly among the treatments, with less difference in the ?nal year of the study. Whether this convergence was due to succession or environmental factors is uncertain. CO2 and O3 affect ectomycorrhizal sporocarp productivity and community composition, with likely effects on dispersal, colonization and sporocarp-dependent food webs. Keywords Aspen free air CO2 enrichment, Betula papyrifera, carbon dioxide, ectomycorrhizal fungi, northern deciduous forests, ozone, Populus tremuloides, productivity, sporocarps. Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 813–822 INTRODUCTION Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) may be particularly sensitive to the effects of changing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations because they rely on their hosts to s