美国历史：工业的兴起.pptVIP

Rise of American Industry Industry as a necessity War of 1812 as essential stimulus 1. pre-war situation 2.war shocks 3.guarantees of quick development A.Pre-War Situation 1.only light manufacturing 2.making of daily necessities 3.small-gun and iron-making mills and printing hourses 4.lumbering B. War Shocks 1.import of European manufactures stopped by Jefferson’s embargo policies 2.import virtually shut down by British blockade during war of 1812 3.consequence- Americans feeling an urgent need to develop domestic industry 4.hence birth of American industry after 1815 C.Guarantees of Quick development 1. abandonment of agricultural mentality: Jefferson leading the nation in a change of mind 2. protective tariffs: American tariffs always high to foster domestic manufacturing and increase revenue 3.American ingenuity- a. readiness to adopt outside inventions and methods-textile mill on English model and applications of British-invented steam engine b.American inventions-Eli whitney’s cotton gin Edison’s research labs Thomas Edison c.effective transportation and communication: (1)Transportaion-American adoption of European steam engine to railrod and river transport (2)communication-telegraph and telephone d. incessant supply of immigrant labor: high wage demand by native laborers Immigrant willingness due to relatively high American wages New Economic Institutions Network of financial institutions Modern mangerial structure Signs of monpoly A.financial institutions Process of capital deepening Commerical and savings bank Investment houses and banks Insurance companies B.modern managerial structure Start with railroad management- Tree trunk pattern C. Sign of Monopoly 1.regional federations of railroad 2.horizontal combination with rivals 3.vertical combination of different industries under one company-carnegie and rockefeller Impacts on Rural 1.dying of artisan system-pride in cragesman ship giving way to rates of productivity 2.countryside becoming a