經济学概论第章像经济学家一样思考.pptVIP

内容提要 像所有科学家一样，经济学家做出适当的假设并建立模型，以便用来解释我们周围的世界 两个简单的模型是循环流量图和生产可能性边界 微观经济学研究家庭和企业做出的决策以及家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易；宏观经济学研究影响整体经济的力量和趋势 微观经济学框架、宏观经济学框架 个量分析、总量分析、边际量分析 实证分析、规范分析 作为政策顾问，经济学家提供增进世界福利的建议 * Besides introducing students to the economic way of thinking, this chapter introduces the Production Possibilities Frontier, the first of many graphs covered in the textbook. The PPF will be used extensively in Chapter 3 (Interdependence and the Gains from Trade). It would be helpful to ask your students to bring calculators to class on the day you cover this chapter (as well as Chapter 3). * * The “definition” of capital shown on this slide (“buildings and machines”) is the same that appears in the corresponding section of the chapter. A more formal definition will be provided in subsequent chapters. * This and the following slide build the Circular-Flow Diagram piece by piece. * In this diagram, the green arrows represent flows of income/payments. The red arrows represent flows of goods services (including services of the factors of production in the lower half of the diagram). To keep the graph simple, we have omitted the government, financial system, and foreign sector, as discussed on the next slide. You may wish to change the order in which the elements appear. To do so, look for “Custom Animation” in your version of PowerPoint. * Suggestion: Show first row. Explain how we get the production numbers from the employment numbers. Then, show the rest of the employment numbers, and give students 3 minutes to compute the production numbers for each employment allocation. This exercise leads students to discover for themselves that points under the PPF are possible but inefficient, while points above it are not possible. * Here, the “rise” is a negative number, because, as you move to the right, the line falls (meaning wheat output is reduced). Moving to the right involves shifting resources from the production of wheat (which causes wheat output to f