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Accelerated Particles from Shocks Formed in Merging Clusters of Galaxies.pdf

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Accelerated Particles from Shocks Formed in Merging Clusters of Galaxies

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 0 1 0 7 2 2 7 v 1 1 2 J u l 2 0 0 1 Accelerated Particles from Shocks Formed in Merging Clusters of Galaxies Robert C. Berrington ? , Charles D. Dermer ? and S. J. Sturner ?? ? ASEE Postdoctoral Fellow, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7653, Washington, DC 20375-5352 ? Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7653, Washington, DC 20375-5352 ?? NASA’s GSFC and USRA, 7501 Forbes Blvd. #206, Seabrook, MD 20706-2253 Abstract. Subcluster interactions within clusters of galaxies produce shocks that accelerate non- thermal particles. We treat Fermi acceleration of nonthermal electrons and protons by injecting power-law distributions of particles during the merger event, subject to constraints on maximum particle energies. The broadband nonthermal spectrum emitted by accelerated electrons and protons is calculated during and following the subcluster interaction for a standard parameter set. The inten- sity of γ-ray emission from primary and secondary processes is calculated and discussed in light of detection capabilities at radio and γ-ray energies. INTRODUCTION Rich clusters contain thousands of galaxies and are the largest gravitationally bound systems in nature. Masses for rich clusters are ～1015M⊙, with ～5–10% of the mass found in a hot intergalactic gas at temperatures of 2–12 keV. Rich clusters emit thermal bremsstrahlung with luminosities Lx ～ 1044 ? 1045 ergs s?1[1]. Poor clusters contain hundreds of galaxies, have total masses ～1014M⊙, have a hot intergalactic gas of tem- peratures 1–5 keV and X-ray luminosities Lx ～ 1042 ?1043 ergs s?1[2]. Approximately 90% of the total mass of clusters is in the form of nonluminous dark matter. In the hierarchical merging cluster scenario, poor clusters merge together to form richer clusters. Approximately 30–40% of galaxy clusters show evidence of substruc- ture in both the optical [3] and X-ray wavelengths [4]. Velocity differences between the observed structures is ≈1000–2000 km s?1. With gravitationa