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Centrally condensed turbulent cores Massive stars or fragmentation.pdf

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Centrally condensed turbulent cores Massive stars or fragmentation

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 0 5 0 2 4 7 9 v 1 2 3 F e b 2 0 0 5 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 1–8 (2004) Printed 2 February 2008 (MN LATEX style file v2.2) Centrally condensed turbulent cores: Massive stars or fragmentation? Clare L. Dobbs,? Ian A. Bonnell and Paul C. Clark School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS Accepted ABSTRACT We present numerical investigations into the formation of massive stars from turbulent cores of density gradient ρ ∝ r?1.5. The results of five hydrodynamical simulations are described, following the collapse of the core, fragmentation and the formation of small clusters of protostars. We generate two different initial turbulent velocity fields corresponding to power-law spectra P ∝ k?4 and P ∝ k?3.5, and apply two different initial core radii. Calculations are included for both completely isothermal collapse, and a non-isothermal equation of state above a critical density (10?14gcm?3). Our calculations reveal the preference of fragmentation over monolithic star formation in turbulent cores. Fragmentation was prevalent in all the isothermal cases. Although disc fragmentation was largely suppressed in the non-isothermal runs due to the small dynamic range between the initial density and the critical density, our results show that some fragmentation still persisted. This is inconsistent with previous suggestions that turbulent cores result in the formation of a single massive star. We conclude that turbulence cannot be measured as an isotropic pressure term. Key words: stars: formation – turbulence – hydrodynamics 1 INTRODUCTION There are several potential difficulties in forming high-mass stars. Firstly, the timescale of less than 106 years to assemble 10 to more than 100 M⊙ implies large accretion rates (Zinnecker et al. 1993; Behrend Maeder 2001; Norberg Maeder 2000). Secondly, their crowded loca- tion in the centre of young stellar clusters (Clarke et al. 2000; Hillenbr