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Exact Conservation Laws of the Gradient Expanded Kadano#--Baym Equations
Exact Conservation Laws of the Gradient Expanded
Kadanoff–Baym Equations
J. Knoll1, Yu. B. Ivanov1,2 and D. N. Voskresensky1,3
1Gesellschaft fu?r Schwerionenforschung mbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291
Darmstadt, Germany
2Kurchatov Institute, Kurchatov sq. 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
3Moscow Institute for Physics and Engineering, Kashirskoe sh. 31,
Moscow 115409, Russia
E-mail: J.Knoll@gsi.de, Y.Ivanov@gsi.de, D.Voskresensky@gsi.de
It is shown that the Kadanoff–Baym equations at consistent first-order
gradient approximation reveal exact rather than approximate conservation
laws related to global symmetries of the system. The conserved currents and
energy–momentum tensor coincide with corresponding Noether quantities in
the local approximation. These exact conservations are valid, provided a Φ
derivable approximation is used to describe the system, and possible memory
effects in the collision term are also consistently evaluated up to first-order
gradients.
1. INTRODUCTION
Non-equilibrium Green function techniques, developed by Schwinger,
Kadanoff, Baym and Keldysh [1–4], provide the appropriate concepts to
study the space–time evolution of many-particle quantum systems. This
formalism finds now applications in various fields, such as quantum chromo-
dynamics [5,6], nuclear physics, in particular heavy ion collisions [7–23], as-
trophysics [11,24,25], cosmology [26], spin systems [27], lasers [28], physics
of plasma [29,30], physics of liquid 3He [31], critical phenomena, quenched
random systems and disordered systems [32], normal metals and super-
conductors [24,33,34], semiconductors [35], tunneling and secondary emis-
sion [36], etc.
For actual calculations certain approximation steps are necessary. In
many cases perturbative approaches are insufficient, like for systems with
strong couplings as treated in nuclear physics. In such cases, one has to
resum certain sub-series of diagrams in order to obtain a reasonable approx-
imation scheme. In contrast to perturbation theory, f
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