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Heart rate variability in free diving athletes.
Heart rate variability in free diving athletes
Vassiliki Christoforidi, Nikolaos Koutlianos, Pantazis Deligiannis, Evangelia Kouidi and Asterios Deligiannis
Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division of TEFAA, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
Correspondence
Nikolaos Koutlianos, 75 Loutron Str, 57200
Lagadas, Greece
E-mail: koutlian@phed.auth.gr
Accepted for publication
Received 21 July 2011;
accepted 2 November 2011
Key words
Apnea; autonomic nervous system; breath-hold;
diving; cardiac vagal activity
Summary
The aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiac autonomic activity in free diving
(FD) athletes. Thirteen Greek male free divers (group I, aged 33?4 ± 6?3 years,
6?6 ± 4?5 years of training experience) volunteered to participate while 13 age-
matched sedentary subjects served as control group (group II). All subjects were
submitted to ambulatory 24-h ECG recording for heart rate variability (HRV)
analysis on a day of regular activities with no exercise or training. The results
showed that group I had significantly lower minimum and mean heart rate by 23?9%
(P0?001) and 20?6% (P0?001), respectively. All the measured time and frequency
domain indices of HRV which reflect cardiac parasympathetic activity were higher in
group I than in group II by 37?6% to 146% (P0?001). Conclusively, the resting
cardiac autonomic activity and especially the parasympathetic branch was
significantly increased in free divers compared to untrained subjects. This finding
should be rather attributed to the accumulated effect of both exercise training and
frequent exposure to FD stimulus.
Introduction
Given the increasing popularity of various forms of breath-hold
diving, breath-hold divers assay for greater depths and longer
lasting apnea efforts is undoubtedly bringing the human body
ever closer to absolute physiological limits. Indeed, the
performance of the diving athletes is remarkably impressive.
The current male world record for breath-hold duration of a
p
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