ILL_Laue2012_Schwarzenbach.pdf

Grenoble, November 2012 Laue’s discovery Friedrich, Knipping Laue, Munich, April 1912 Max von Laue Paul P. Ewald Dissertation: Dispersion und Doppelbrechung von Elektronengittern Arnold Sommerfeld Walter Friedrich Paul Knipping → X-rays possess wave nature. →? Proof of crystal lattice hypothesis (first proof independent of law of rational indices). Crystals are required for obtaining a measurable signal, the Bragg maxima. For crystallographers, crystals are a means for studying structure and often are not of primary interest. Why is Laue’s discovery revolutionary? Revolutionary: X-ray diffraction provides a method to study the geometry of matter at atomic resolution. Atoms become “real”. Enabling the basic notions of today’s chemistry. sphere of reflection P.P. Ewald 1913 Also: notion of “structure factor” (1913) → Structure-factor-weighted reciprocal lattice (Fourier space, 1921) (“polar lattice” ≈ reciprocal lattice scaled by V2/3: Bravais 1850) Diffraction theory physics, symmetry, first structures Laue equations (1912) Add a 3rd equation to the two equations for an optical cross-grating 100 111 structure of NaCl “2θ-θ” scan W.L. Bragg 1913 2dsinθ = nλ from density and Avogadro’s number: translation length and wave length W.H. Bragg ?? Bragg’s equation ?? The first crystal structures postulating “atomic scattering centers” NaCl, KCl, KBr, KI ZnS, … diamond … Crystal structure determination in the separate schools of father (Royal Institution, organic) and son (Manchester, inorganic) also G.V. Wulf (Moscow) T. Terada (Tokyo) Pyrite, first det. free coord. Ewald Friedrich (1914) two-beam dynamical diffraction using Bragg’s reflection (1914) ideal mosaic crystal (1922) primary and secondary extinction Dynamical diffraction: C. G. Darwin Laue’s and Bragg’s equations: kinematical diffraction approximation (1st Born approximation) Int. ≈ |F|2 Ideal crystal: dynamical diffrac