Potential for ill-posedness in several 2nd-order formulations of the Einstein equations.pdf

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Potential for ill-posedness in several 2nd-order formulations of the Einstein equations.pdf

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Potential for ill-posedness in several 2nd-order formulations of the Einstein equations

a r X i v : g r - q c / 0 4 0 4 0 7 1 v 3 2 8 J u l 2 0 0 4 Potential for ill-posedness in several 2nd-order formulations of the Einstein equations Simonetta Frittelli? Department of Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (Dated: February 7, 2008) Second-order formulations of the 3+1 Einstein equations obtained by eliminating the extrinsic curvature in terms of the time derivative of the metric are examined with the aim of establishing whether they are well posed, in cases of somewhat wide interest, such as ADM, BSSN and generalized Einstein-Christoffel. The criterion for well-posedness of second-order systems employed is due to Kreiss and Ortiz. By this criterion, none of the three cases are strongly hyperbolic, but some of them are weakly hyperbolic, which means that they may yet be well posed but only under very restrictive conditions for the terms of order lower than second in the equations (which are not studied here). As a result, intuitive transferences of the property of well-posedness from first-order reductions of the Einstein equations to their originating second-order versions are unwarranted if not false. PACS numbers: 04.20.Ex, 04.25.Dm I. INTRODUCTION A common practice to study the well-posedness of a time-dependent second-order system of partial differen- tial equations is to reduce the system to first order. This is done because first-order systems of PDE’s have been amply examined and are currently very well understood. By reducing to first-order, what is meant is to find a first- order system of PDE’s whose solution space contains a subset that is equivalent to the solutions of the origi- nal second-order system by a trivial identification. If the first-order reduction is well posed, then the solutions of the first-order system are bounded in terms of the initial data of the first-order system, and theorems of existence, uniqueness and stabilit