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Miron-Spektor et al., 2011, JAP, anger and work harder.pdf

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Miron-Spektor et al., 2011, JAP, anger and work harder

RESEARCH REPORT Others’ Anger Makes People Work Harder Not Smarter: The Effect of Observing Anger and Sarcasm on Creative and Analytic Thinking Ella Miron-Spektor Bar-Ilan University Dorit Efrat-Treister, Anat Rafaeli, and Orit Schwarz-Cohen Technion–Israel Institute of Technology The authors examine whether and how observing anger influences thinking processes and problem- solving ability. In 3 studies, the authors show that participants who listened to an angry customer were more successful in solving analytic problems, but less successful in solving creative problems compared with participants who listened to an emotionally neutral customer. In Studies 2 and 3, the authors further show that observing anger communicated through sarcasm enhances complex thinking and solving of creative problems. Prevention orientation is argued to be the latent variable that mediated the effect of observing anger on complex thinking. The present findings help reconcile inconsistent findings in previous research, promote theory about the effects of observing anger and sarcasm, and contribute to understanding the effects of anger in the workplace. Keywords: anger, sarcasm, cognitive complexity, creativity, prevention orientation Most available reports on anger take a within-person view, analyzing effects of experienced anger on the angry agent (Berkowitz Harmon-Jones, 2004). Far less research examines the effects of anger expressed by one person on observers. How- ever, anger is an interpersonal emotion (Hareli, Rafaeli, Parkin- son, 2007; Parkinson, 1996), caused by and with consequences for other people. The anger of another person is easily recognized by observers (Banse Scherer, 1996), more quickly and accurately than other emotions (Ackerman et al., 2006; Hansen Hansen, 1988). People who observe an angry agent or hear about an agent’s anger thirdhand are likely to be influenced by this observation (Hareli Rafaeli, 2008; Miron-Spektor Rafaeli, 2009). Furthermore, anger prev