introductiontoSSP.docVIP

T. YANG Page  PAGE 7 of  NUMPAGES 7  DATE \@ M/d/yyyy 4/19/2017 第十八讲 固体物理简介 Introduction to the Solid State Physics WHAT IS SOLID STATE PHYSICS AND WHY DO IT? Solid state physics, also known as condensed matter physics, is the study of the behaviour of atoms when they are placed in close proximity to one another. In fact, condensed matter physics is a much better name, since many of the concepts relevant to solids are also applied to liquids, for example. Gas Liquid crystals Gases have atoms or molecules that do not bond to one another in a range of pressure, temperature and volume. These molecules haven’t any particular order and move freely within a container. Similar to gases, liquids haven’t any atomic/molecular order and they assume the shape of the containers. Applying low levels of thermal energy can easily break the existing weak bonds. Liquid crystals have mobile molecules, but a type of long range order can exist; the molecules have a permanent dipole. Applying an electric field rotates the dipole and establishes order within the collection of molecules. Solids consist of atoms or molecules executing thermal motion about an equilibrium position fixed at a point in space. Solids (at a given temperature, pressure, and volume) have stronger bonds between molecules and atoms than liquids. Solids require more energy to break the bonds. Solids can take the form of crystalline, polycrstalline, or amorphous materials. SOLID MATERIALS CRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS (Non-crystalline) Single Crystal 参考教材： 1. 黄昆，韩汝琦，《固体物理学》，高等教育出版社，1988（第一版）. 2. 阎守胜，《固体物理基础》，北京大学出版社，2000（第一版）2003（第二版）. AIM OF SOLID STATE PHYSICS Solid state physics (SSP) explains the properties of solid materials as found on earth. Understanding the electrical properties of solids is right at the heart of modern society and technology. The entire computer and electronics industry relies on tuning of a special class of material, the semiconductor,