Chapter 6Pragmatics 语用学.docVIP

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Chapter 6Pragmatics 语用学.doc

Chapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学 Definition: Pragmatics can be defined in various ways. It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.语言学研究语言使用者是如何运用语句进行成功交际的。 Pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. Pragmatics is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics.语用学也可看做是一种意义研究。语用学是语言学领域中一个比较新兴的研究分支。 Contextual view 语境论 Contextual view places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used. Pragmatics vs. semantics 语用学 语义学 Gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context was left unconsidered. Once the notion of context was taken into consideration , semantics spilled over into pragmatics. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. 语义学和语用学的根本区别在于意义研究是否考虑语境。不考虑语境,语义研究属于传统的语义学范围;考虑语境,意义研究就成了语用学研究的范围。 Context Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 语境是语用研究的关键概念,一般指交际双方的共有知识。分为两类:一类是交际者对所用语言本身的知识,另一类是对客观世界的知识,包括对客观世界的一般只是和对交际情景的具体知识。 Sentence meaning utterance meaning A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. 句子意义和话语意义 句子是一个语法概念,从述谓结构上来说,句子意义经常被看做是句子本身所具有地抽象的内在特征。但是如果把句子看成人们在交际过程中实际所说的话,它就成了话语,话语应该在其实际应用的情景中予以考虑。 EX:The dog is barking. If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in i

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