Study Guide - Final Exam (Chapter 22-29).docxVIP

NTRS 317 Final Exam (Chapter 22-29)Chapter 22What is metabolic stress?A disruption in the body’s chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury (extensive tissue damage). Metabolic stress is characterized by changes in metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure, hormonal status, and nutrient metabolismWhat is the significance of the hormones released during the stress response?Catecholamines(epinephrine norepinephrine)Fight-or-flight hormones: stimulate heart muscle, raise blood pressure, increase metabolic rateGlucagon secreted due to epinephrine, release nutrientsCortisol: protein degradation, increase amino acid converting to glucoseAldosteroneAntidiuretic hormone Breakdown glycogen (glycogenolysis), glucose from amino acid (glycogenesis), breakdown triglycerides (lipolysis)Too much cortisol: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, suppress immune response, susceptible to infection, muscle wasting, skin thinning, diabetes, osteoporosis.What is the first task for a person who has been under major stress?Fluid and electrolyte balancesAdministering intravenous solutions to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, treating infections, repairing wounds, draining abscesses (pus), remove dead tissuesKnow what labs would be affected by a person suffering from metabolic distress.C-reactive proteinFibrinogen, ProthrombinAlbumin, Iron, ZincElevated metabolic rate, Increased blood Neutrophil levels, Lethargy, Anorexia, FeverSystemic inflammatory response syndrome: ↑heart rate, respiratory rate, WBC, body temperatureKnow what health conditions raise energy needs (Table 22-2)What are the nutrition goals for burn victims?Objectives: nitrogen balance, tissue losses, immune defense, body weightHigh kcal, high proteinMicronutrient supplements (Vitamin A, C, zinc): immunity, wound healingMonitor fluid, electrolyte needsSmall, frequent meals, oral supplements, nutrient-dense snacksOral feeding, tube feeding, nasoenteric feeding, parenteral supportDiet that preserves musc