Stages of Tuberculosis - UNM Biology Department ….pptVIP

Statistics #1 on the list of lethal infectious diseases 2 million deaths worldwide annually Every year 8 million cases reported annually Death rate after contracting the disease, if untreated, is the same as flipping a coin History TB has been known as Pthisis, King’s Evil, Pott’s disease, consumption, and the White Plague. Egyptian mummies from 3500 BCE have the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis The Great White Plague Started in Europe in 1600’s Reigned for around 200 years Named for the loss of skin color of those infected The New World Infected the New World before the Europeans 10% deaths in the 19th century were due to TB Isolated the infected in sanitariums, which served as waiting rooms for death Disease progression- Stage 1 Stage 1 Droplet nuclei are inhaled, and are generated by talking, coughing and sneezing. Once nuclei are inhaled, the bacteria are non-specifically taken up by alveolar macrophages. The macrophages will not be activated, therefore unable to destroy the intracellular organism. The large droplet nuclei reaches upper respiratory tract, and the small droplet nuclei reaches air sacs of the lung (alveoli) where infection begins. Disease onset when droplet nuclei reaches the alveoli. Disease Progression- Stage 2 Begins after 7-21 days after initial infection. TB multiplies within the inactivated macrophages until macrophages burst. Other macrophages diffuse from peripheral blood, phagocytose TB and are inactivated, rendering them unable to destroy TB. Disease Progression- Stage 3 Lymphocytes, specifically T-cells recognize TB antigen. This results in T-cell activation and the release of Cytokines, including interferon (IFN). The release of IFN causes the activation of macrophages, which can release lytic enzymes and reactive intermediates that facilitates immune pathology. Tubercle forms, which contains a semi-solid or “cheesy” consistency. TB cannot multiply within tubercles due to low PH and anoxic environment, but TB