ch15Secondderivative二阶导数选编.pptx

15.1 Interpreting and sketching graphs Chapter 15 Second derivatives Let’s start by looking at our old friend, the quadratic curve: Sketch the curve on paper, and sketch the derivative on the same axes Second derivatives continued What is the equation of the derivative? Now draw the derivative of the derivative Second derivatives – definitions and notation The derivative of the derivative is usually called the second derivative It’s written like this: or sometimes Don’t get confused about this.We don’t write: or What we are really doing is applying the operator twice; it’s similar to a composite function. Second derivatives continued Sketch the first and second derivatives of: The first derivative of a quadratic is a : So far we have learned … The second derivative of a quadratic is a : The first derivative of a cubic is a : The second derivative of a cubic is a : line(ar) constant quadratic line(ar) The second derivative of a quartic (x4) is - quadratic This pattern should be easy to understand before we continue – remember, A little quiz Look at these curves. Which is the “odd one out”? A B C F E D Curvature The answer is D – all other curves have negative curvature Curvature is measured by the second derivative. Look: The gradient is always increasing The second derivative is always positive The curvature is positive The gradient is always decreasing The second derivative is always negative The curvature is negative 15.2 Minimum and maximum revisited Stationary points revisited We can use the idea of the second derivative to improve our method of identifying maxima and minima. Let’s return to the cubic equation we looked at earlier: The method given on p. 102 of the textbook is absolutely accurate, but can be slow and awkward – because we must evaluate the first derivative at 2 points. Look at the graph again, and think about curvature… Stationary points revisited Therefore: zero gradient and positive curvature = minimum while zero gradient and negative c