催化的表面和界面(物化讨论)选编.pptVIP

Catalytic Surfaces and Interfaces:From Bulk to Nanoscale to Atomic Level;Ideal Surfaces and Interfaces From Bulk to Nanoscale Clusters and their Duplication Conditions under which Catalysis Occurs Future: Theoretical Developments Limitations of Characterization;Introduction; In fact, before nano-materials came to be popular, we had learned a great deal about how the scale/size influences the properties of materials. Catalysts represent the oldest commercial application of nanotechnology G. Somorjai(2001) ;Ideal Surfaces and Interfaces;Phenomenon: Ideal surface is not perfect;Phenomenon: Reconstruction and Relaxation;Phenomenon: Reconstruction and Relaxation;Figure 8. The hydrogen induced paired new reconstruction of Ni{110}.78 Part a shows the direction of the pairing displacements of the top layer atoms; b shows a plan view of the reconstructed surface, while c shows a cross sectional view. Hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity.;Concept: Site;Concept: Ensemble (domain);Concept: Two-dimensional order;An example of two -dimension long distance ordered (Gallowy,Benitez and Salmeron);Concept: Two-dimensional order;Concept: Geometry;; Ideal surfaces are not truly ideal. Catalysis occurs only on disordered sites. However, a further question arises: how to observe these disordered sites? Technical limitations:;General Conclusion;From Bulk to Nanoscale;From Bulk to Nanoscale;From Bulk to Nanoscale; quantum effect high surface distribution dynamic stability The high surface area and the great coordinative unsaturation lead to that they have great surface free energy and are easy to assemble to large particles.;Clusters and Their Duplication;R+/R-;From Nanoscale to Bulk;Stable nanoparticle: How to get it?;Example(1);Example(2);J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119(1997);Example(4);Example(4);;Conditions Under Which Catalysis Occurs; WHETHER YOUR CATALYST CAN “LIVE” FOR A LONG TIME UNDER THESE CONDITIONS OR NOT, IN OTHER WORDS, CAN THAT A